Introduction
Outdoor boutique festivals often take place on beautiful green fields or farms, but nothing can sour the post-festival glow faster than a parking area turned into a mud pit. A rutted, wrecked field isn’t just an eyesore – it’s a safety hazard, an environmental concern, and a community relations problem. From stuck vehicles to angry landowners, the consequences of poor parking management are serious. In extreme cases, heavy downpours have left cars stranded in fields for hours, requiring tractors to pull them free (www.walesonline.co.uk). Even world-famous Glastonbury Festival has seen dozens of vehicles rescued from muddy car parks by tractors (www.pressandjournal.co.uk). The good news is that with the right strategies, festival organisers can prevent these nightmares and keep their fields intact no matter the weather.
This guide draws on decades of festival production experience across the globe – from rainy farmsteads in the UK to sunbaked plains in Australia. Veteran festival producers have learned the hard lessons on how to protect the land while keeping attendees safe and happy. The core principle is simple: land care is community care. By treating your festival site with respect, you not only ensure its usability for years to come, but you also show respect to local hosts and attendees. Below, you’ll find practical, actionable steps – mat routes, protecting roots, managing runoff, training parking marshals, capping capacity, and providing amenities like boot-washes and lighting – that will help any festival’s parking operation avoid wrecking the fields.
Mat Routes for Vehicles
One of the strongest defenses against torn-up fields is to lay down mat routes in high-traffic areas. Heavy-duty trackway mats (sometimes called bog mats or portable roadways) create temporary roads that prevent vehicle tires from churning soil into mud. By installing robust mats or metal track panels along entrance roads, main parking lanes, and frequently used paths, festivals can drastically reduce ground damage and keep vehicles moving even in wet conditions.
- Assess high-traffic zones: Walk your site and map out where most vehicles will drive or turn. These spots – entrances, exits, lanes between parking rows, and any slope or low-lying area – are prime candidates for matting. A site survey before the event helps identify susceptible ground that needs reinforcement (davistrackhire.com).
- Use the right type of matting: There are various mat systems (aluminum trackway, heavy-duty composite mats, etc.) each with different weight capacities (davistrackhire.com). For parking areas carrying cars and vans, choose heavy-duty mats that can support repeated use without slipping. Lighter pedestrian mats won’t suffice for vehicle traffic. Many UK festivals use aluminum panel trackways on grass, as recommended by safety guidelines (davistrackhire.com).
- Install early and remove last: Put down temporary roadways before the main production build and arrivals begin. As one ground protection expert advises, trackway should be the first on site and the last off (davistrackhire.com). This ensures that delivery trucks, staff vehicles, and early arrivals all benefit from protected routes. Removing mats only after load-out prevents late-stage damage when the ground might be weakest.
- Focus on entrances and exits: These zones suffer the worst beating – vehicles slowing, stopping, and starting on potentially soft ground. A few mats at a gate can stop deep ruts from forming. For example, Glastonbury Festival uses extensive interlocking panels at its entrance gates to support the thousands of cars rolling in on Day 1. Without this, many vehicles would spin their wheels and dig into the turf, especially after rain.
- Cover aisle ways in parking lots: If budget allows, consider laying mat strips along the main aisles of your parking field. This gives cars a solid surface as they drive to and from their spot. Even temporary plastic grids or carpeting can help distribute weight. Some boutique festivals have creatively used sand or gravel on drive lanes as a cheaper alternative – though not as effective as mats, it’s better than bare grass.
The benefits of mat routes are huge. They not only protect the ground but also improve safety: vehicles are less likely to get stuck or slide, and emergency vehicles can reach any part of the site quickly on a stable roadway (davistrackhire.com). In the long run, investing in ground protection saves money by avoiding costly land restoration later. It can be a condition for land use too – many farmers and councils insist on trackway if their field is used, because they may need that field intact for livestock or crops next season (davistrackhire.com). Ultimately, well-placed mat routes keep both festival-goers and landowners happy.
Protect Tree Roots and Greenery
Parking a thousand cars in a field can unwittingly damage trees and vegetation unless precautions are taken. One common oversight is failing to protect the root zones of trees dotted around a festival site. Soil compaction from vehicle weight is silent but deadly to trees – it squeezes out air and water from the soil, essentially suffocating the roots. The critical roots of a mature tree often spread far beyond its canopy (often up to twice the canopy width) and lie in the top 60 cm of soil. This means vehicles driving even near a tree, not just directly over the trunk area, can crush those vital feeder roots. The tree might not show distress immediately, but within a few years it could wither or die due to the unseen damage.
To avoid being the festival that killed a centuries-old oak, take these steps:
- Establish no-parking buffer zones: Identify all trees or sensitive plant areas in or around your parking field. Set up a Root Protection Area (RPA) around each – a simple rule from arborists is to rope off at least a radius of 10–12 times the tree’s trunk diameter (www.agreenerfestival.com). In practice, this often means fencing off a wide circle under and around the canopy. Make sure this protected ring is large enough that cars and even foot traffic cannot encroach. Remember, tape on the ground isn’t enough – use sturdy barricades or fencing that won’t be easily moved (www.agreenerfestival.com).
- Reroute traffic away from trees: Plan your parking layout so that major lanes and thoroughfares steer well clear of any tree drip lines (www.agreenerfestival.com). If there’s a beautiful old tree in the field, celebrate it as a landmark, but do not send cars streaming past its base. Even one vehicle repeatedly driving over roots can have an outsized impact, especially in wet conditions when soil compaction happens faster.
- Protect trunks and canopies: In addition to roots, consider the above-ground parts. Low-hanging branches might be struck by tall vans or RVs if parking too close. Use high-visibility fencing and signs around trees saying “Tree Protection Zone – No Parking” to make staff and guests aware. This not only saves the tree, but it signals that your festival cares about the environment, which makes a positive impression on attendees.
- Schedule site traffic wisely: Whenever possible, time the heaviest site vehicle movements (like load-in and load-out of equipment) for dry conditions (www.agreenerfestival.com). The difference in impact between moving trucks on soggy ground versus dry ground is massive. If weather turns bad, consider pausing non-essential vehicle trips on-field to protect both the vehicles (from getting stuck) and the ground (from getting chewed up). Many experienced festival organisers will delay contractor load-out by a day or two if it means avoiding a mud bath during tear-down.
- Plan for re-greening: Inevitably, even with precautions, some grass or plants will get damaged in a parking field. Budget time and funds for land restoration – reseeding grass, aerating compacted soil, and maybe planting a couple of new trees if any were lost. Festivals like Lollapalooza in Chicago accept this as part of doing business: one year it cost over $450,000 to repair the public park lawns after the festival (www.chicagoist.com). While a boutique festival’s site might be smaller, the gesture of restoring a field goes a long way. If you demonstrate that you will leave the land as good as you found it (or better), landowners and communities will be much more welcoming.
Protecting tree roots and greenery isn’t just an ecological concern – it’s about respecting the venue. Many greenfield festivals operate on private farmlands or community parks. By treating the natural features of the site carefully, you build a reputation as a responsible festival organiser. In turn, local communities and authorities will be more inclined to support your event for years to come.
Manage Rainwater and Mud
Nature is unpredictable – a sunny field can turn into a swamp if the weather gods choose. Managing runoff and mud is therefore a key part of preserving parking areas. The aim is to prevent standing water and excessive mud from ever forming, and to control the flow of water so it doesn’t wreak havoc on your site or neighboring lands.
Here are tactics to manage rainwater on parking fields:
- Grade and drain: If you have the luxury of choosing your parking plot, favor one with good natural drainage (a gentle slope or well-draining soil). Before the event, you can also grade the field lightly to fill low spots and encourage water to drain to the edges. Some festivals dig small ditches or create earth berms around parking lots to channel runoff away. Just be sure any drainage modifications are approved by the landowner and won’t flood someone else’s property!
- Use absorbent materials: Keep materials on hand to combat mud. Straw or wood chips can be spread on high-traffic muddy patches to soak up water and provide traction. (Many UK festivals famously hand out straw when paths get swampy.) Likewise, sand or gravel can stabilize gateways or slopes. These should be part of your rainy-day kit, ready to deploy. For example, when heavy rains hit Splendour in the Grass in Australia, organizers quickly laid down wood chips and sand in parking and campground walkways to improve safety.
- Prevent water pooling: Position any car park infrastructure (tents, fences, portable toilets) so they don’t trap water. For instance, avoid fully enclosing a parking area with berms or walls that could create a basin. Keep some gaps at low points for water to escape. You can also strategically place soakage pits or gravel-filled trenches to capture and dissipate water.
- Protect the ground surface: In addition to track mats, consider temporary ground cover for larger open parking zones if heavy rain is forecast. Geotextile membranes or even thick tarps under a layer of wood chips might hold the soil together under pressure. Some events use perforated plastic grass protection grids that allow grass to grow through but reinforce against tire treads – useful if the field is a year-round parking area.
- Monitor and respond: Assign a “mud team” in your crew whose job is to monitor conditions during the festival. If a sudden downpour hits, they spring into action, redirecting cars, laying straw, or pumping out water if necessary. Quick intervention can prevent a small puddle from becoming a lake. Equip them with radios, some shovels, sandbags, and perhaps a utility ATV to get around. Think of this team as first responders for mud emergencies.
- Environmental protection: Remember that runoff isn’t just water – it can carry oil leaks from cars, trash, and other pollutants into the soil or waterways. Use drip trays or absorbent pads under generators or any stationary vehicles to catch oil drips. After the event, sweep the area for debris and properly dispose of contaminated soil if there were any significant spills (for instance, if a fuel tank leaked). Managing runoff responsibly shows regulators and locals that your festival takes environmental stewardship seriously.
By actively managing rainwater and mud, you’ll avoid the worst-case scenarios of flooded car parks. Some festivals have had to completely shut down parking and turn people away when fields became waterlogged – for example, at Slam Dunk Festival 2024 in Leeds, organisers proactively closed the car park when heavy rains made the field unusable, refunding parking passes and scrambling to shuttle attendees instead (www.bbc.com). Not only did that quick action likely save the land from ruin, but it also prevented attendees from getting stuck or injured. The goal is to anticipate the rain rather than just react to chaos. A well-drained, thoughtfully managed field will bounce back much faster once the music ends.
Keep Emergency Lanes Clear and Sacred
In the rush of parking hundreds or thousands of cars, it’s easy to let vehicles squeeze into every available inch of a field. This is a dangerous trap. Every festival parking plan must include designated emergency access lanes – and those lanes must remain absolutely clear at all times. It’s no exaggeration to say that maintaining an open route for ambulances, fire trucks, or police can be a life-or-death matter on site.
How to ensure emergency lanes stay open? It comes down to two things: intelligent layout design and diligent staff training.
- Plan the layout with lanes: When sketching your parking grid, mark out the emergency lanes prominently. Typically, this might be a central corridor down each large parking section, or a perimeter road around the field. Emergency lanes should ideally be at least 4–6 metres wide (about 15–20 feet) to accommodate large vehicles. Use cones, flags, or barrier tape to indicate these no-parking corridors visibly. Many seasoned festival site managers will draw these lanes on the ground with biodegradable spray paint or chalk lines before gates open.
- Train and brief the marshals: Your parking marshals (the staff directing cars) are the front-line defenders of the emergency lanes. Train them rigorously to treat those lanes as sacred ground. In pre-event briefings, emphasize that no matter how pressured parking capacity gets, under no circumstances can they fill an emergency lane with cars. Role-play scenarios: what should a marshal do if an attendee tries to park in a restricted area or if a bottleneck starts encroaching on a fire road? Every marshal should be empowered to say “no” and redirect vehicles if anyone tries to violate the safe lane.
- Use signage and lighting: Clearly signpost the emergency routes with messages like “Emergency Access – No Parking”. At night, these lanes should be kept well-lit (portable light towers or string lights) so that they are obvious and so that any needed response can happen swiftly. If an accident or health issue occurs in the parking lot, seconds count – emergency crews shouldn’t waste time searching for a path. Ensuring high visibility of lanes is part of good risk management.
- Regular patrols: Assign a supervisor or security team to patrol the emergency lanes periodically. Their job is to verify nothing is blocking the way and to move along any pedestrians who might be lingering. Some festivals even position volunteers at intervals along the fire lanes to act as human “cones” – gently reminding folks to keep clear. During the peak arrival and departure times, it may help to have marshals actively standing in the gap, physically preventing cars from taking those spaces.
- Reinforce in communications: Let attendees know in advance (via email, website, or signage at entry) that certain areas are kept clear for safety. Sometimes drivers will try to argue for a “quick spot” in an empty lane if they don’t understand why it’s empty. By communicating that these gaps are intentional and for their own safety, you reduce pushback. Most people ultimately appreciate that the festival is putting safety first.
- Learn from others’ mistakes: Sadly, there have been events where poor planning led to emergency vehicles being delayed. For example, at a past festival in Asia, an ambulance was reportedly slowed down because an impromptu parking jam blocked a service road – a risk no organiser wants to take. Study incident reports and be determined never to feature in one. Keeping those lanes clear is a non-negotiable duty of care.
A well-kept emergency lane is like an insurance policy you hope to never use. It might seem like wasted space until the moment it isn’t. Festival producers should drill this into every staff member and volunteer: safety over convenience. By training marshals to guard those lanes zealously, you ensure that if something does go wrong in the parking area (be it a medical emergency, a fire, or any urgent situation), help can get there without delay. Remember, safety culture starts at the top – if organisers insist on the sanctity of emergency lanes, the whole team will follow.
Cap Capacity Before Mud Wins
An overpacked field under bad weather is a recipe for disaster. One of the smartest moves a festival organiser can make is knowing when to say “enough” – even if that means not every last car gets onto the field. Capping your parking capacity (especially in adverse conditions) can literally save the field and the festival.
Consider this scenario: a storm rolls in, and your designated field is already reaching its limits with vehicles. Every additional car now will increase the wear on the soggy ground exponentially. At some point, rather than accommodating just one more vehicle, it’s better to close the lot and activate Plan B. For example, at Slam Dunk Festival 2024 in Leeds, the organisers closed the event’s car park at the last minute and refunded all advance parking passes, switching attendees to shuttle buses from town (www.bbc.com). It was a tough call, but it prevented an even bigger mess and showed a commitment to attendee safety over profit.
Here’s how to implement smart capacity management for parking:
- Determine a safe field capacity: Work out in advance how many vehicles your field can hold in ideal conditions (dry ground, optimal parking density). Then, consider a margin for weather. You might decide that if the ground is wet, you will only use 75% of that capacity, to avoid excessive damage. Consult with an experienced site manager or even a soil engineer if it’s a major event – soil type and drainage can affect load-bearing capacity (loamy soil might handle cars better than clay when wet, for example).
- Sell parking passes in advance: Use your ticketing platform (for instance, Ticket Fairy’s system allows setting precise inventory limits on parking passes) to control how many cars will be allowed. If you only issue a fixed number of car passes, you won’t have an unmanageable flood of vehicles. This also encourages carpooling. Be transparent with fans – if parking is limited, let them know they must pre-book a car pass. This reduces surprise and frustration on the day.
- Monitor weather and field conditions: Have a weather monitoring plan in the lead-up to the event and during it. If heavy rain is forecast, adjust your plans proactively. That could mean arranging additional shuttle buses or off-site parking locations (perhaps a paved lot or multi-storey garage in town) as backups. Many large festivals partner with nearby farms or stadiums as contingency parking. It’s wise to secure such an agreement pre-event, even if you hope not to use it.
- Real-time capacity control: Empower a senior staff member to make the call to stop parking intake if things deteriorate. This decision should be part of your emergency plan. Set trigger points like “if cars start getting stuck in the entrance area, pause parking immediately and reevaluate” or “if more than X mm of rain falls within Y hours, close section B of the car park”. It’s better to hold cars at the gate (or even ask them to turn around) than to have them stranded deep in a field.
- Communicate with attendees: If you do have to cap or close parking, communicate quickly and clearly. Use all channels – mobile app alerts, social media, signage on approach roads, and staff with megaphones if needed. Direct drivers to alternatives and provide support (like the shuttle buses in the Slam Dunk example). Yes, some people will be upset, but far less upset than if their car spends the night axle-deep in mud. Most reasonable attendees understand weather issues, especially if you refund them and focus on solutions.
- Don’t overfill on a good day either: Even in perfect weather, resist the temptation to pack cars in like sardines beyond the planned layout. Leave a little wiggle room; it helps people exit later and prevents minor scrapes. Also, cars parked on every last patch of grass means none of those vehicles can maneuver without driving over potentially vulnerable ground or blocking emergency routes. Stick to your design capacity – if you planned for 500 cars, don’t suddenly try to squeeze in 600 because more showed up. The integrity of the event and site is more important.
By capping capacity when needed, you’re effectively saying mud will not win over planning. This strategy requires the courage to prioritize long-term reputation and safety over short-term ticket sales. However, your audience and community will thank you in the end. Annihilated fields and stuck vehicles make for angry social media posts and bad press – no one wants their festival to be remembered as “that mud fiasco”. In contrast, being seen to handle weather challenges calmly and responsibly can actually boost your reputation. It shows you put people and land first, which is the hallmark of a great festival organiser.
Provide Boot-Wash Stations and Lighting
Little touches can make a big difference in how attendees (and crews) feel about a muddy situation. Two often overlooked amenities in festival parking areas are boot-wash stations and proper lighting. Providing these can turn a potentially miserable trudge through a field into a more bearable experience, and they also help protect the land and people.
Boot-wash stations: After a weekend of dancing and camping, many festival-goers return to their cars with boots caked in mud. A simple boot-wash station near the parking lot exit can be a winning idea. This might be as straightforward as a couple of raised grates or pallets to scrape mud off, along with water hoses or foot-pump basins for rinsing boots. Some festivals have installed trough-like boot cleaners where you can stomp your feet and brush off mud. It helps in a few ways:
– Attendees appreciate not ruining their car interiors or the next place they go with muddy boots.
– It prevents the spread of mud outside the site – keeping neighboring roads and hotels cleaner.
– If there are agricultural diseases of concern (certain countries worry about visitors carrying spores in mud), boot washes can double as biosecurity measures.
– It signals that the festival cares about the well-being and convenience of its community. This is especially true at smaller boutique festivals where personal touches are expected. For example, Splore Festival in New Zealand provided a whimsical “welly wash” for guests to clean their gumboots after a rainy day – a small gesture that earned big smiles.
To set up boot-wash stations, place them at pedestrian exit points from the field. Use non-slip mats around them because water will make the area muddy if not managed (ironically). Offer some brushes and use grey water or collected rainwater if possible to be eco-friendly. A little signage “Boot Wash – Keep Mud Off Our Roads!” encourages use and frames it as community care.
Lighting: A dark, muddy field at 1 AM is not just unpleasant – it’s dangerous. Good lighting in parking areas and along pathways to them is critical for safety and also helps protect the ground:
– With lights, people are less likely to accidentally drive or walk into off-limit areas like those tree protection zones or emergency lanes.
– Lighting helps prevent trips, falls, and twisted ankles due to unseen ruts or obstacles. A visit to the medical tent is a bad way to end a festival.
– It aids in traffic flow; drivers can find the exit route and see marshals waving signals much easier if the area isn’t pitch black.
– Lights can deter any opportunistic theft or mischief in remote parking areas by increasing visibility.
For temporary events, portable diesel or solar-powered light towers are the go-to solution. Aim lights downward or use shrouded fixtures to minimize light pollution (and to avoid blinding drivers). At a boutique festival, you might also consider more creative lighting: strings of LED festoon lights along the footpath to the parking lot can both illuminate and charm. The goal is functional light that doesn’t ruin the night sky vibe too much but keeps everyone sure of their footing. Don’t forget to light up information signage and any help points as well.
Additionally, provide direction at night – marshals should have high-visibility vests with reflective strips and quality flashlights. Some events give marshals light-up wands (like airport ground crew) to guide cars after dark. If attendees see a clearly lit path and staff guiding them, they are less likely to wander or drive off-course and inadvertently damage some terrain.
Finally, consider the condition of people leaving – they’re likely tired, maybe inebriated (hopefully not the drivers), and their phones might be dead after a long festival day. So the physical environment needs to compensate with clear cues and comforts like illumination and a place to clean up. It’s part of duty of care to ensure your guests can get from party to parking and out to the main road safely and cleanly.
Land Care Is Community Care
At the heart of all these measures is a philosophy: when you take care of the land, you’re taking care of the community. Festivals often rely on the goodwill of local people – whether it’s a farmer leasing a field, a town allowing use of a park, or simply neighbors tolerating the noise and traffic. Showing that you respect the land cements your festival’s relationship with its hosts and fans.
Here’s how embracing “land care is community care” manifests in practical ways:
- Community engagement in planning: Work with local stakeholders when devising your parking and land protection plans. For instance, consult that farmer about which field to use and how to protect it. They might suggest which gate to use to avoid the wet low corner, or ask that you avoid the back meadow where rare wildflowers grow. Incorporate this local wisdom – it’s a form of respect. Some festivals create a community advisory board that reviews environmental plans and gives feedback. This inclusion makes the community feel invested in the festival’s success.
- Hire local and use local resources: Need tractors to tow cars or lay matting? Consider hiring local agricultural contractors. During muddy Glastonbury years, local Somerset farmers famously come to the rescue with their tractors, earning a stipend from the festival while saving the day. It’s a win-win: the festival gets help, and the community earns income. Many rural festivals have similarly partnered with 4×4 off-road clubs or farmers who act as on-call recovery teams for stuck vehicles. This not only solves a problem fast but builds goodwill – you gave the locals a role and recognition.
- Be transparent and accountable: If the worst happens and your festival does cause damage to the land, own up to it. Communicate your remediation plan to the community. For example, after a particularly muddy year, the producers of a UK boutique festival wrote an open letter to residents explaining how they would repair the public footpaths and thanking everyone for their patience. This kind of accountability can turn a potentially hostile situation into a collaborative one. Often, locals just want to know you care as much as they do.
- Invest in restoration and improvements: Don’t just fix problems – leave the site better. Set aside a land restoration fund in your budget. After the event, bring in professionals if needed to aerate compacted soil (using machines to break up compaction), re-seed grass, and replace any damaged fences or gates. Perhaps plant a few new trees to offset any stress caused to existing ones. If the parking area was in a community space, consider making an improvement as a thank-you – for instance, lay a permanent gravel pathway that the locals can use year-round. When festival organizers in Indonesia’s rural areas have repaired roads and infrastructure post-event, the villagers often welcome them back again warmly because they left a positive mark.
- Educate attendees on land respect: Cultivate the same respect in your audience. You can include messages in the program or from the stage about taking care of the site – e.g. “Throw your trash in bins and tread lightly on the fields – let’s leave this place as beautiful as we found it.” Many eco-conscious festivals do this and find that attendees respond well. After all, a festival is a temporary community; instilling pride in the festival grounds can motivate people to behave responsibly (like not driving where they shouldn’t or littering).
- Highlight success stories: Take pride when you pull off a low-impact event. Share statistics with the media or in your post-event report: “Thanks to careful planning, our parking areas saw minimal turf damage this year, and the local school’s football field we used was ready for play within a week.” These success stories not only boost your team’s morale but also serve as great PR. They show regulators and future host communities that your festival can be trusted with their land.
In essence, treating land care as part of community care transforms parking logistics from a mere operational task into a broader mission of sustainability and respect. Festival organizers who adopt this mindset often find they are invited back year after year, sometimes even with eager offers of more land to use, because the community has seen the benefits of hosting a considerate event. The land is our stage, and looking after it is as important as putting on a good show.
Key Takeaways
- Plan for mud, not just sun: Always assume your beautiful field could turn muddy. Invest in trackway mats and ground protection on key routes to prevent vehicles sinking and to protect the turf.
- Protect nature on-site: Fence off tree root zones and sensitive areas. Avoid routing cars near trees, and be prepared to shield the environment (use straw, drainage, etc.) so you don’t unknowingly kill a tree or cause erosion.
- Safety first – keep lanes clear: Designate and enforce emergency access lanes in parking areas. Train parking staff to never block these, ensuring ambulances or fire services can reach anyone in need without delay.
- Know when to cut off parking: Monitor weather and field conditions. It’s better to close a car park early or limit capacity than to have a total quagmire. Use shuttles or alternate plans if needed, and communicate with attendees.
- Attendee comfort matters: Little things like providing a boot-washing station and good lighting in the parking area go a long way. They keep people safe from falls, let them clean up, and show that the festival cares about their experience beyond the music.
- Respect the land and locals: Remember that land care is community care. Work with local people on protecting the site, fix anything you damage, and leave a positive impact. A festival that respects its venue will earn respect in return and likely be welcomed back.
By following these guidelines, festival producers can ensure that “parking” doesn’t become synonymous with “field destruction.” Instead, your event can strike that delicate balance between thrilling experiences and responsible stewardship of the land. When the fields remain green (or at least recover quickly) and the community feels valued, you’ve set the stage for festival success that endures year after year.